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Where There Is Love of Man There Is Love of Art in Greek

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Emotion

Love encompasses a range of strong and positive emotional and mental states, from the most sublime virtue or good habit, the deepest interpersonal affection, to the simplest pleasure.[1] [2] An example of this range of meanings is that the love of a mother differs from the love of a spouse, which differs from the love for nutrient. Most normally, love refers to a feeling of a strong attraction and emotional attachment.[3] [iv] [ boosted citation(southward) needed ]

Love is considered to be both positive and negative, with its virtue representing human kindness, compassion, and amore, as "the unselfish loyal and benevolent concern for the adept of some other" and its vice representing human moral flaw, akin to vanity, selfishness, flirtation-propre, and egotism, as potentially leading people into a type of mania, obsessiveness or codependency.[5] [6] Information technology may besides describe compassionate and affectionate actions towards other humans, one's self, or animals.[7] In its diverse forms, beloved acts equally a major facilitator of interpersonal relationships and, owing to its central psychological importance, is one of the near common themes in the artistic arts.[8] Love has been postulated to be a function that keeps human beings together against menaces and to facilitate the continuation of the species.[9]

Ancient Greek philosophers identified half dozen forms of love: essentially, familial dearest (in Greek, Storge ), friendly love or ideal love ( Philia ), romantic love ( Eros ), cocky-honey ( Philautia ), invitee dearest ( Xenia ), and divine love ( Agape ). Modernistic authors have distinguished further varieties of love: unrequited love, empty love, companionate love, complete love, infatuated dear, self-love, and courtly love. Numerous cultures have also distinguished Ren , Yuanfen , Mamihlapinatapai , Cafuné , Kama , Bhakti , Mettā , Ishq , Chesed , Amore , Charity , Saudade (and other variants or symbioses of these states), as culturally unique words, definitions, or expressions of honey in regards to a specified "moments" currently defective in the English linguistic communication.[10] [11] [12]

Scientific research on emotion has increased significantly over the past ii decades. The colour wheel theory of love defines iii primary, three secondary and nine tertiary love styles, describing them in terms of the traditional color bicycle. The triangular theory of dearest suggests "intimacy, passion and commitment" are core components of beloved. Love has boosted religious or spiritual pregnant. This diversity of uses and meanings combined with the complexity of the feelings involved makes love unusually difficult to consistently define, compared to other emotional states.

Definitions

Romeo and Juliet, depicted as they function on the balustrade in Act III, 1867 by Ford Madox Brown

The discussion "love" can accept a diversity of related but distinct meanings in different contexts. Many other languages utilize multiple words to express some of the different concepts that in English are denoted as "dearest"; i case is the plurality of Greek concepts for "dearest" (agape, eros, philia, storge) .[13] Cultural differences in conceptualizing love thus doubly impede the establishment of a universal definition.[fourteen]

Although the nature or essence of dearest is a subject of frequent debate, dissimilar aspects of the word can be clarified by determining what isn't dear (antonyms of "dearest"). Love equally a general expression of positive sentiment (a stronger course of like) is commonly contrasted with hate (or neutral apathy). Equally a less-sexual and more-emotionally intimate form of romantic attachment, love is usually assorted with animalism. Every bit an interpersonal relationship with romantic overtones, love is sometimes contrasted with friendship, although the give-and-take love is often practical to shut friendships or ideal love. (Further possible ambiguities come with usages "girlfriend", "boyfriend", "simply good friends").

Abstractly discussed, love normally refers to an feel i person feels for another. Love ofttimes involves caring for, or identifying with, a person or thing (cf. vulnerability and care theory of beloved), including oneself (cf. narcissism). In addition to cross-cultural differences in understanding honey, ideas about love accept too changed profoundly over time. Some historians engagement mod conceptions of romantic love to courtly Europe during or after the Middle Ages, although the prior existence of romantic attachments is attested by ancient dearest poetry.[15]

The complex and abstract nature of love often reduces soapbox of love to a thought-terminating cliche. Several mutual proverbs regard dear, from Virgil'south "Love conquers all" to The Beatles' "All You Need Is Dear". St. Thomas Aquinas, following Aristotle, defines love as "to volition the good of another."[sixteen] Bertrand Russell describes beloved every bit a status of "accented value," as opposed to relative value.[ citation needed ] Philosopher Gottfried Leibniz said that love is "to be delighted by the happiness of another."[17] Meher Baba stated that in love there is a "feeling of unity" and an "agile appreciation of the intrinsic worth of the object of love."[18] Biologist Jeremy Griffith defines love as "unconditional selflessness".[19]

Impersonal

People can be said to love an object, principle, or goal to which they are deeply committed and greatly value. For example, compassionate outreach and volunteer workers' "love" of their cause may sometimes be born not of interpersonal dearest but impersonal beloved, altruism, and strong spiritual or political convictions.[20] People tin also "love" material objects, animals, or activities if they invest themselves in bonding or otherwise identifying with those things. If sexual passion is also involved, then this feeling is called paraphilia.[21]

Interpersonal

Interpersonal love refers to love betwixt human beings. It is a much more potent sentiment than a unproblematic liking for a person. Unrequited love refers to those feelings of love that are not reciprocated. Interpersonal dear is most closely associated with Interpersonal relationships.[20] Such love might exist between family unit members, friends, and couples. There are also a number of psychological disorders related to love, such as erotomania. Throughout history, philosophy and organized religion accept washed the nigh speculation on the phenomenon of honey. In the 20th century, the scientific discipline of psychology has written a smashing deal on the subject field. In contempo years, the sciences of psychology, anthropology, neuroscience, and biology have added to the understanding of the concept of dear.

Biological ground

Biological models of sex tend to view love every bit a mammalian drive, much similar hunger or thirst.[22] Helen Fisher, an anthropologist and human behavior researcher, divides the experience of love into 3 partly overlapping stages: animalism, attraction, and attachment. Lust is the feeling of sexual desire; romantic attraction determines what partners mates find attractive and pursue, conserving time and free energy by choosing; and attachment involves sharing a abode, parental duties, mutual defence, and in humans involves feelings of prophylactic and security.[23] Iii distinct neural circuitries, including neurotransmitters, and three behavioral patterns, are associated with these 3 romantic styles.[23]

Pair of Lovers. 1480–1485

Animalism is the initial passionate sexual want that promotes mating, and involves the increased release of chemicals such every bit testosterone and estrogen. These furnishings rarely final more than a few weeks or months. Allure is the more than individualized and romantic desire for a specific candidate for mating, which develops out of lust as delivery to an private mate forms. Recent studies in neuroscience have indicated that equally people fall in love, the encephalon consistently releases a certain set of chemicals, including the neurotransmitter hormones, dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin, the same compounds released by amphetamine, stimulating the brain's pleasure middle and leading to side effects such equally increased heart rate, loss of ambition and sleep, and an intense feeling of excitement. Research has indicated that this stage generally lasts from i and a one-half to three years.[24]

Since the lust and attraction stages are both considered temporary, a third phase is needed to account for long-term relationships. Attachment is the bonding that promotes relationships lasting for many years and even decades. Attachment is more often than not based on commitments such as marriage and children, or mutual friendship based on things like shared interests. It has been linked to college levels of the chemicals oxytocin and vasopressin to a greater degree than brusk-term relationships have.[24] Enzo Emanuele and coworkers reported the poly peptide molecule known as the nerve growth cistron (NGF) has loftier levels when people offset autumn in love, merely these return to previous levels after one twelvemonth.[25]

Psychological basis

Psychology depicts love as a cerebral and social miracle. Psychologist Robert Sternberg formulated a triangular theory of love and argued that love has 3 different components: intimacy, commitment, and passion. Intimacy is a form in which ii people share confidences and various details of their personal lives, and is usually shown in friendships and romantic love affairs. Commitment, on the other manus, is the expectation that the human relationship is permanent. The last class of honey is sexual attraction and passion. Passionate love is shown in infatuation besides as romantic love. All forms of honey are viewed every bit varying combinations of these three components. Not-beloved does non include whatsoever of these components. Liking only includes intimacy. Infatuated love only includes passion. Empty dear only includes delivery. Romantic love includes both intimacy and passion. Companionate love includes intimacy and commitment. Fatuous love includes passion and commitment. Lastly, consummate love includes all iii components.[26] American psychologist Zick Rubin sought to define love past psychometrics in the 1970s. His work states that iii factors institute love: attachment, caring, and intimacy.[27] [28]

Following developments in electrical theories such as Coulomb'southward law, which showed that positive and negative charges attract, analogs in man life were adult, such as "opposites attract". Over the concluding century, research on the nature of human mating has generally found this not to be true when it comes to character and personality—people tend to like people similar to themselves. However, in a few unusual and specific domains, such as immune systems, it seems that humans adopt others who are dissimilar themselves (e.g., with an orthogonal immune organisation), since this will lead to a infant that has the best of both worlds.[29] In recent years, various man bonding theories have been developed, described in terms of attachments, ties, bonds, and affinities. Some Western authorities disaggregate into two master components, the altruistic and the narcissistic. This view is represented in the works of Scott Peck, whose work in the field of applied psychology explored the definitions of love and evil. Peck maintains that love is a combination of the "concern for the spiritual growth of another," and simple narcissism.[30] In combination, love is an action, not simply a feeling.

Psychologist Erich Fromm maintained in his book The Art of Loving that honey is non but a feeling but is too deportment, and that in fact, the "feeling" of dear is superficial in comparison to ane's commitment to love via a series of loving actions over time.[20] In this sense, Fromm held that love is ultimately non a feeling at all, but rather is a commitment to, and adherence to, loving actions towards another, oneself, or many others, over a sustained duration.[twenty] Fromm also described love as a conscious choice that in its early stages might originate equally an involuntary feeling, but which and then afterward no longer depends on those feelings, but rather depends merely on conscious commitment.[20]

Evolutionary basis

Wall of Love on Montmartre in Paris: "I love you" in 250 languages, past calligraphist Fédéric Businesswoman and artist Claire Kito (2000)

Evolutionary psychology has attempted to provide various reasons for love equally a survival tool. Humans are dependent on parental help for a large portion of their lifespans compared to other mammals. Beloved has therefore been seen as a machinery to promote parental support of children for this extended time period. Furthermore, researchers as early every bit Charles Darwin himself identified unique features of human love compared to other mammals and credit honey as a major factor for creating social support systems that enabled the development and expansion of the human species.[31] Another factor may exist that sexually transmitted diseases can cause, amongst other effects, permanently reduced fertility, injury to the fetus, and increase complications during childbirth. This would favor monogamous relationships over polygamy.[32]

Adaptive benefit

Interpersonal dearest between a male and a female is considered to provide an evolutionary adaptive do good since it facilitates mating and sexual reproduction.[33] However, some organisms can reproduce asexually without mating. Thus understanding the adaptive benefit of interpersonal love depends on understanding the adaptive do good of sexual reproduction as opposed to asexual reproduction. Michod[33] has reviewed evidence that love, and consequently sexual reproduction, provides 2 major adaptive advantages. First, love leading to sexual reproduction facilitates repair of damages in the Dna that is passed from parent to progeny (during meiosis, a key stage of the sexual procedure). Second, a gene in either parent may contain a harmful mutation, just in the progeny produced by sex reproduction, expression of a harmful mutation introduced by 1 parent is likely to exist masked by expression of the unaffected homologous gene from the other parent.[33]

Comparison of scientific models

Biological models of dearest tend to encounter it equally a mammalian drive, similar to hunger or thirst.[22] Psychology sees love every bit more than of a social and cultural phenomenon. Certainly, dearest is influenced by hormones (such as oxytocin), neurotrophins (such equally NGF), and pheromones, and how people think and carry in honey is influenced by their conceptions of love. The conventional view in biology is that there are ii major drives in honey: sexual attraction and attachment. Attachment between adults is presumed to work on the same principles that lead an infant to become fastened to its mother. The traditional psychological view sees love as being a combination of companionate beloved and passionate honey. Passionate dearest is intense longing, and is frequently accompanied past physiological arousal (shortness of breath, rapid centre rate); companionate love is affection and a feeling of intimacy not accompanied by physiological arousal.

Cultural views

Ancient Greek

Roman copy of a Greek sculpture past Lysippus depicting Eros, the Greek personification of romantic beloved

Greek distinguishes several different senses in which the word "love" is used. Aboriginal Greeks identified four forms of beloved: kinship or familiarity (in Greek, storge), friendship and/or ideal desire (philia), sexual and/or romantic desire (eros), and self-emptying or divine love (afraid).[34] [35] Modern authors have distinguished further varieties of romantic love.[36] However, with Greek (equally with many other languages), it has been historically difficult to separate the meanings of these words totally. At the same time, the Ancient Greek text of the Bible has examples of the verb agapo having the same meaning as phileo.

Agape ( ἀγάπη agápē) means love in modern-24-hour interval Greek. The term s'agapo means I love you in Greek. The word agapo is the verb I love. Information technology generally refers to a "pure," ideal type of dearest, rather than the physical attraction suggested by eros. However, there are some examples of agape used to mean the same as eros. It has also been translated equally "love of the soul."[37]

Eros ( ἔρως érōs) (from the Greek deity Eros) is passionate love, with sensual want and longing. The Greek word erota means in dear. Plato refined his own definition. Although eros is initially felt for a person, with contemplation it becomes an appreciation of the dazzler inside that person, or even becomes appreciation of beauty itself. Eros helps the soul remember cognition of dazzler and contributes to an understanding of spiritual truth. Lovers and philosophers are all inspired to seek truth past eros. Some translations listing information technology as "honey of the body".[37]

Philia ( φιλία philía), a dispassionate virtuous dearest, was a concept addressed and developed past Aristotle in his Nicomachean Ethics Book Eight.[38] It includes loyalty to friends, family, and community, and requires virtue, equality, and familiarity. Philia is motivated by practical reasons; i or both of the parties benefit from the human relationship. It can as well mean "dearest of the listen."

Storge ( στοργή storgē) is natural amore, like that felt by parents for offspring.

Xenia (ξενία xenía), hospitality, was an extremely important practice in ancient Greece. It was an almost ritualized friendship formed between a host and his invitee, who could previously have been strangers. The host fed and provided quarters for the guest, who was expected to repay only with gratitude. The importance of this tin be seen throughout Greek mythology—in particular, Homer's Iliad and Odyssey.

Ancient Roman (Latin)

The Latin language has several dissimilar verbs corresponding to the English give-and-take "love." amō is the bones verb meaning I dear, with the infinitive amare ("to dear") as information technology even so is in Italian today. The Romans used information technology both in an affectionate sense as well as in a romantic or sexual sense. From this verb come amans—a lover, amator, "professional person lover," often with the accessory notion of lechery—and amica, "girlfriend" in the English language sense, frequently being applied euphemistically to a prostitute. The respective substantive is amor (the significance of this term for the Romans is well illustrated in the fact, that the name of the metropolis, Rome—in Latin: Roma—can be viewed as an anagram for amor, which was used equally the secret name of the City in wide circles in aboriginal times),[39] which is also used in the plural course to indicate love affairs or sexual adventures. This aforementioned root also produces amicus—"friend"—and amicitia, "friendship" (ofttimes based to mutual advantage, and respective sometimes more closely to "indebtedness" or "influence"). Cicero wrote a treatise called On Friendship (de Amicitia), which discusses the notion at some length. Ovid wrote a guide to dating called Ars Amatoria (The Fine art of Dear), which addresses, in depth, everything from extramarital affairs to overprotective parents.

Latin sometimes uses amāre where English would simply say to like. This notion, however, is much more than generally expressed in Latin by the terms placere or delectāre, which are used more colloquially, the latter used frequently in the love poetry of Catullus. Diligere often has the notion "to be affectionate for," "to esteem," and rarely if ever is used for romantic love. This word would exist appropriate to describe the friendship of 2 men. The corresponding noun diligentia, yet, has the significant of "diligence" or "carefulness," and has footling semantic overlap with the verb. Observare is a synonym for diligere; despite the cognate with English, this verb and its respective noun, observantia, ofttimes denote "esteem" or "affection." Caritas is used in Latin translations of the Christian Bible to mean "charitable love"; this meaning, however, is not found in Classical infidel Roman literature. As information technology arises from a conflation with a Greek word, there is no respective verb.

Chinese and other Sinic

Two philosophical underpinnings of love exist in the Chinese tradition, ane from Confucianism which emphasized deportment and duty while the other came from Mohism which championed a universal love. A cadre concept to Confucianism is 仁 (Ren, "benevolent beloved"), which focuses on duty, action, and attitude in a human relationship rather than love itself. In Confucianism, 1 displays benevolent dear by performing deportment such as filial piety from children, kindness from parents, loyalty to the male monarch and then forth.

The concept of 愛 (Mandarin: ài) was adult by the Chinese philosopher Mozi in the 4th century BC in reaction to Confucianism'south chivalrous dear. Mozi tried to replace what he considered to exist the long-entrenched Chinese over-attachment to family unit and clan structures with the concept of "universal honey" ( 兼愛 , jiān'ài). In this, he argued direct against Confucians who believed that it was natural and right for people to care well-nigh different people in unlike degrees. Mozi, by dissimilarity, believed people in principle should intendance for all people equally. Mohism stressed that rather than adopting dissimilar attitudes towards dissimilar people, love should be unconditional and offered to everyone without regard to reciprocation; not simply to friends, family unit and other Confucian relations. Afterwards in Chinese Buddhism, the term Ai ( 愛 ) was adopted to refer to a passionate, caring honey and was considered a key desire. In Buddhism, Ai was seen as capable of being either selfish or selfless, the latter being a key element towards enlightenment.

In Mandarin Chinese, 愛 (ài) is oftentimes used equally the equivalent of the Western concept of beloved. 愛 (ài) is used as both a verb (east.one thousand. 我愛你 , Wǒ ài nǐ, or "I dear y'all") and a noun (such as 愛情 àiqíng, or "romantic dearest"). However, due to the influence of Confucian 仁 (rén), the phrase 我愛你 (Wǒ ài nǐ, I dearest you) carries with it a very specific sense of responsibility, commitment and loyalty. Instead of oft saying "I love you" as in some Western societies, the Chinese are more probable to limited feelings of affection in a more casual way. Consequently, "I similar you" ( 我喜欢你 , Wǒ xǐhuan nǐ) is a more mutual way of expressing affection in Standard mandarin; it is more playful and less serious.[xl] This is also truthful in Japanese (suki da, 好きだ ).

Japanese

The Japanese language uses three words to convey the English equivalent of "love". Because "love" covers a wide range of emotions and behavioral phenomena, there are nuances distinguishing the three terms.[41] [42] The term ai ( 愛 ), which is oft associated with maternal love[41] or selfless love,[42] originally referred to beauty and was often used in a religious context. Post-obit the Meiji Restoration 1868, the term became associated with "dearest" in order to interpret Western literature. Prior to Western influence, the term koi ( 恋 or 孤悲 ) more often than not represented romantic dear, and was often the subject of the pop Man'yōshū Japanese verse collection.[41] Koi describes a longing for a member of the opposite sex and is typically interpreted every bit selfish and wanting.[42] The term's origins come from the concept of lonely confinement as a result of separation from a loved 1. Though modern usage of koi focuses on sexual love and infatuation, the Manyō used the term to cover a wider range of situations, including tenderness, benevolence, and material desire.[41] The third term, ren'ai ( 恋愛 ), is a more mod structure that combines the kanji characters for both ai and koi, though its usage more than closely resembles that of koi in the course of romantic love.[41] [42]

Indian

The love stories of the Hindu deities Krishna and Radha have influenced the Indian culture and arts. In a higher place: Radha Madhavam by Raja Ravi Varma.

In contemporary literature, the Sanskrit words for love is "sneha". Other terms such equally Priya refers to innocent honey, Prema refers to spiritual love, and Kama refers usually to sexual desire.[43] [44] Nevertheless, the term also refers to any sensory enjoyment, emotional attraction and aesthetic pleasure such as from arts, dance, music, painting, sculpture and nature.[45] [46]

The concept of kama is found in some of the earliest known verses in Vedas. For example, Book ten of Rig Veda describes the cosmos of the universe from zilch by the keen heat. There in hymn 129, it states:

कामस्तदग्रे समवर्तताधि मनसो रेतः परथमं यदासीत |
सतो बन्धुमसति निरविन्दन हर्दि परतीष्याकवयो मनीषा ||[47]

Thereafter rose Desire in the starting time, Want the primal seed and germ of Spirit,
Sages who searched with their heart's idea discovered the existent's kinship in the non-existent.

Persian

The children of Adam are limbs of one body
Having been created of 1 essence.
When the calamity of time afflicts i limb
The other limbs cannot remain at rest.
If you have no sympathy for the troubles of others
You are non worthy to exist called by the name of "man".

Sa'di, Gulistan

Rumi, Hafiz,and Sa'di are icons of the passion and honey that the Persian culture and linguistic communication present.[ citation needed ] The Persian word for love is Ishq, which is derived from Arabic language; nonetheless, it is considered past nigh to be also stalwart a term for interpersonal love and is more commonly substituted for "doost dashtan" ("liking").[ commendation needed ] In the Persian civilization, everything is encompassed by love and all is for honey, starting from loving friends and family unit, husbands and wives, and somewhen reaching the divine love that is the ultimate goal in life.[ commendation needed ]

Religious views

Abrahamic

Judaism

In Hebrew, אהבה (ahava) is the most commonly used term for both interpersonal beloved and love between God and God'southward creations. Chesed, oft translated as loving-kindness, is used to describe many forms of dearest betwixt human beings.

The commandment to honey other people is given in the Torah, which states, "Love your neighbor like yourself" (Leviticus nineteen:18). The Torah's commandment to dear God "with all your heart, with all your soul and with all your might" (Deuteronomy 6:5) is taken past the Mishnah (a key text of the Jewish oral law) to refer to good deeds, willingness to cede one's life rather than commit certain serious transgressions, willingness to cede all of one's possessions, and being grateful to the Lord despite adversity (tractate Berachoth 9:v). Rabbinic literature differs equally to how this love can be adult, east.grand., past contemplating divine deeds or witnessing the marvels of nature.

As for love between marital partners, this is deemed an essential ingredient to life: "See life with the wife you dearest" (Ecclesiastes 9:ix). Rabbi David Wolpe writes that "...dear is not just about the feelings of the lover...It is when one person believes in another person and shows it." He further states that "...beloved...is a feeling that expresses itself in activity. What we actually experience is reflected in what we do."[49] The biblical book Song of Solomon is considered a romantically phrased metaphor of love between God and his people, merely in its evidently reading, reads like a dear song. The 20th-century rabbi Eliyahu Eliezer Dessler is frequently quoted as defining beloved from the Jewish point of view as "giving without expecting to have" (from his Michtav me-Eliyahu, Vol. 1).

Christianity

Beloved and not a one-manner street in romanticism

The Christian agreement is that honey comes from God, who is himself Honey (1 Jn 4:8). The love of human and woman—eros in Greek—and the unselfish honey of others (agape), are often contrasted as "descending" and "ascending" dear, respectively, but are ultimately the same thing.[50]

There are several Greek words for "dearest" that are regularly referred to in Christian circles.

  • Agape: In the New Attestation, agapē is charitable, selfless, donating, and unconditional. It is parental dear, seen as creating goodness in the world; it is the way God is seen to love humanity, and information technology is seen as the kind of love that Christians aspire to have for one another.[37]
  • Phileo: Also used in the New Testament, phileo is a human response to something that is found to exist delightful. As well known as "brotherly love."
  • Two other words for honey in the Greek language, eros (sexual dear) and storge (child-to-parent love), were never used in the New Attestation.[37]

Christians believe that to Love God with all your heart, heed, and force and Dearest your neighbour as yourself are the two most important things in life (the greatest commandment of the Jewish Torah, according to Jesus; cf. Gospel of Marking chapter 12, verses 28–34). Saint Augustine summarized this when he wrote "Love God, and do every bit thou wilt."

The Campaigner Paul glorified love as the most important virtue of all. Describing honey in the famous poetic interpretation in 1 Corinthians, he wrote, "Love is patient, love is kind. It does not green-eyed, it does not avowal, it is not proud. It is not rude, it is not cocky-seeking, it is not easily angered, it keeps no record of wrongs. Honey does not delight in evil but rejoices with the truth. It always protects, always trusts, always hopes, and always perseveres." (1 Cor. 13:four–7, NIV)

The Campaigner John wrote, "For God so loved the world that he gave his i and only Son, that whoever believes in him shall not perish simply accept eternal life. For God did not send his Son into the world to condemn the earth, simply to save the world through him." (John three:16–17, NIV) John also wrote, "Dearest friends, allow us love one some other for honey comes from God. Everyone who loves has been born of God and knows God. Whoever does not beloved does not know God, considering God is love." (1 John four:vii–viii, NIV)

Saint Augustine wrote that one must be able to decipher the difference between honey and lust. Lust, co-ordinate to Saint Augustine, is an overindulgence, but to love and be loved is what he has sought for his entire life. He even says, "I was in beloved with love." Finally, he does fall in dear and is loved back, by God. Saint Augustine says the just one who can love yous truly and fully is God, considering dear with a human being merely allows for flaws such as "jealousy, suspicion, fear, acrimony, and contention." According to Saint Augustine, to love God is "to reach the peace which is yours." (Saint Augustine's Confessions)

Augustine regards the duplex commandment of love in Matthew 22 as the heart of Christian organized religion and the interpretation of the Bible. After the review of Christian doctrine, Augustine treats the problem of love in terms of use and enjoyment until the end of Book I of De Doctrina Christiana (1.22.21–1.40.44;).[51]

Christian theologians encounter God as the source of love, which is mirrored in humans and their own loving relationships. Influential Christian theologian C. South. Lewis wrote a book called The Four Loves. Benedict XVI named his first encyclical God is love. He said that a human beingness, created in the paradigm of God, who is love, is able to do beloved; to requite himself to God and others (agape) and by receiving and experiencing God's dear in contemplation (eros). This life of honey, according to him, is the life of the saints such every bit Teresa of Calcutta and Mary, the mother of Jesus and is the direction Christians have when they believe that God loves them.[50]

Pope Francis taught that "Truthful love is both loving and letting oneself be loved...what is of import in love is not our loving, simply assuasive ourselves to be loved past God."[52] And so, in the analysis of a Catholic theologian, for Pope Francis, "the cardinal to honey...is non our action. It is the activity of the greatest, and the source, of all the powers in the universe: God's."[53]

In Christianity the practical definition of love is summarised past Thomas Aquinas, who defined love equally "to will the skillful of another," or to desire for another to succeed.[16] This is an explanation of the Christian need to love others, including their enemies. As Thomas Aquinas explains, Christian dear is motivated by the need to run into others succeed in life, to be adept people.

Regarding love for enemies, Jesus is quoted in the Gospel of Matthew affiliate five:

"You lot have heard that information technology was said, 'Dearest your neighbor and hate your enemy.' Merely I tell you lot, love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you, that y'all may be children of your Father in heaven. He causes his sun to ascension on the evil and the expert, and sends rain on the righteous and the unrighteous. If you honey those who love yous, what reward will you get? Are not fifty-fifty the tax collectors doing that? And if you greet only your own people, what are you doing more than others? Do not even pagans do that? Be perfect, therefore, as your heavenly Father is perfect." – Matthew 5: 43–48.

Do not forget to love with forgiveness, Christ saved an adulterous woman from those who would stone her. A world of wronged hypocrites needs forgiving dear. Mosaic Police would hold Deuteronomy 22:22-24 "If a man is found lying with a woman married to a hubby, and then both of them shall die—the human being that lay with the adult female, and the woman; then yous shall put away the evil from Israel. If a young woman who is a virgin is betrothed to a married man, and a man finds her in the city and lies with her, and so you shall bring them both out to the gate of that city, and you shall rock them to expiry with stones, the young woman because she did not weep out in the metropolis, and the man because he humbled his neighbor's married woman; so yous shall put abroad the evil from among yous."[54] [ circular reference ]

Tertullian wrote regarding love for enemies: "Our individual, extraordinary, and perfect goodness consists in loving our enemies. To love one's friends is common practice, to honey one's enemies only among Christians."[55]

Islam

Al-Wadūd or The Loving is a name of God in Islam.

In Islam, ane of the 99 names of God is Al-Wadūd , which means "The Loving"

Honey encompasses the Islamic view of life every bit universal alliance that applies to all who concord religion. Amidst the 99 names of God (Allah), there is the name Al-Wadud, or "the Loving One," which is establish in Surah [Quran 11:90] every bit well every bit Surah [Quran 85:fourteen]. God is too referenced at the showtime of every chapter in the Qur'an as Ar-Rahman and Ar-Rahim, or the "Most Compassionate" and the "Most Merciful", indicating that nobody is more loving, compassionate and benevolent than God. The Qur'an refers to God as being "full of loving kindness."

The Qur'an exhorts Muslim believers to treat all people, those who have not persecuted them, with birr or "deep kindness" equally stated in Surah [Quran 6:8-9]. Birr is also used past the Qur'an in describing the honey and kindness that children must prove to their parents.

Ishq, or divine love, is the emphasis of Sufism in the Islamic tradition. Practitioners of Sufism believe that dear is a projection of the essence of God to the universe. God desires to recognize beauty, and as if one looks at a mirror to see oneself, God "looks" at himself within the dynamics of nature. Since everything is a reflection of God, the school of Sufism practices seeing the beauty inside the apparently ugly. Sufism is oft referred to as the religion of love.[56] God in Sufism is referred to in iii main terms, which are the Lover, Loved, and Dearest, with the concluding of these terms existence often seen in Sufi poetry. A common viewpoint of Sufism is that through love, humankind tin get back to its inherent purity and grace. The saints of Sufism are infamous for existence "drunk" due to their love of God; hence, the constant reference to wine in Sufi poetry and music.

Bahá'í Organized religion

In his Paris Talks, `Abdu'l-Bahá described iv types of love: the love that flows from God to human beings; the love that flows from human beings to God; the love of God towards the Self or Identity of God; and the love of human beings for human beings.[57]

Indian

Buddhism

In Buddhism, Kāma is sensuous, sexual dear. Information technology is an obstacle on the path to enlightenment, since it is selfish. Karuṇā is compassion and mercy, which reduces the suffering of others. Information technology is complementary to wisdom and is necessary for enlightenment. Adveṣa and mettā are benevolent dearest. This love is unconditional and requires considerable cocky-acceptance. This is quite dissimilar from ordinary dear, which is unremarkably about zipper and sex and which rarely occurs without cocky-interest. Instead, in Buddhism information technology refers to detachment and unselfish interest in others' welfare.

The Bodhisattva ideal in Mahayana Buddhism involves the complete renunciation of oneself in gild to have on the burden of a suffering world.

Hinduism

In Hinduism, kāma is pleasurable, sexual love, personified by the god Kamadeva. For many Hindu schools, it is the 3rd finish (Kama) in life. Kamadeva is often pictured belongings a bow of sugar cane and an arrow of flowers; he may ride upon a keen parrot. He is unremarkably accompanied past his consort Rati and his companion Vasanta, lord of the spring season. Stone images of Kamadeva and Rati can be seen on the door of the Chennakeshava temple at Belur, in Karnataka, Republic of india. Maara is another proper name for kāma.

In contrast to kāma, prema – or prem – refers to elevated beloved. Karuna is compassion and mercy, which impels one to help reduce the suffering of others. Bhakti is a Sanskrit term, meaning "loving devotion to the supreme God." A person who practices bhakti is called a bhakta. Hindu writers, theologians, and philosophers accept distinguished nine forms of bhakti, which can be found in the Bhagavata Purana and works by Tulsidas. The philosophical work Narada Bhakti Sutras, written past an unknown author (presumed to be Narada), distinguishes eleven forms of beloved.

In certain Vaishnava sects within Hinduism, attaining unadulterated, unconditional and incessant beloved for Godhead is considered the foremost goal of life. Gaudiya Vaishnavas who worship Krishna as the Supreme Personality of Godhead and the cause of all causes consider Love for Godhead (Prema) to act in two means: sambhoga and vipralambha (union and separation)—two opposites.[58]

In the condition of separation, there is an astute yearning for being with the dear and in the condition of union, there is supreme happiness and nectarean. Gaudiya Vaishnavas consider that Krishna-prema (Love for Godhead) is non fire only that it still burns abroad one's material desires. They consider that Kṛṣṇa-prema is non a weapon, but it still pierces the center. Information technology is non h2o, but it washes away everything—i's pride, religious rules, and 1's shyness. Krishna-prema is considered to make one drown in the body of water of transcendental ecstasy and pleasure. The dearest of Radha, a cowherd daughter, for Krishna is often cited as the supreme instance of beloved for Godhead by Gaudiya Vaishnavas. Radha is considered to exist the internal potency of Krishna, and is the supreme lover of Godhead. Her example of love is considered to be beyond the understanding of material realm as it surpasses whatsoever form of selfish love or lust that is visible in the material world. The reciprocal love between Radha (the supreme lover) and Krishna (God as the Supremely Loved) is the subject of many poetic compositions in India such as the Gita Govinda and Hari Bhakti Shuddhodhaya.

In the Bhakti tradition within Hinduism, it is believed that execution of devotional service to God leads to the evolution of Love for God (taiche bhakti-phale krsne prema upajaya), and as love for God increases in the eye, the more one becomes complimentary from cloth contamination (krishna-prema asvada haile, bhava nasa paya). Being perfectly in dear with God or Krishna makes one perfectly free from textile contamination. and this is the ultimate fashion of salvation or liberation. In this tradition, salvation or liberation is considered inferior to love, and simply an incidental by-product. Existence captivated in Love for God is considered to exist the perfection of life.[59]

Political views

Free beloved

The term "free love" has been used[60] to draw a social move that rejects marriage, which is seen as a form of social chains. The Free Love motility's initial goal was to separate the state from sexual matters such as marriage, birth command, and adultery. It claimed that such issues were the concern of the people involved, and no one else.[61]

Many people in the early 19th century believed that marriage was an important aspect of life to "fulfill earthly homo happiness." Middle-class Americans wanted the home to be a place of stability in an uncertain world. This mentality created a vision of strongly defined gender roles, which provoked the advancement of the free dearest movement as a contrast.[62]

The term "sex radical" has been used interchangeably with the term "free lover".[ commendation needed ] By whatever name, advocates had ii strong beliefs: opposition to the thought of forceful sex activity in a relationship and advocacy for a woman to use her body in any way that she pleases.[63] These are as well beliefs of Feminism.[64]

Philosophical views

The philosophy of love is a field of social philosophy and ethics that attempts to explain the nature of love.[65] The philosophical investigation of love includes the tasks of distinguishing between the various kinds of personal beloved, request if and how dearest is or can be justified, asking what the value of love is, and what touch on love has on the autonomy of both the lover and the dear.[64]

See also

  • Color wheel theory of love
  • Human bonding
  • Love at first sight
  • Pair bond
  • Polyamory
  • Romance (love)
  • Self-love
  • Social connectedness
  • Traditional forms, Afraid, Philia, Philautia, Storge, Eros: Greek terms for love
  • Relationship Science

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Further reading

  • Bayer, A, ed. (2008). Art and honey in Renaissance Italy. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Fine art.

External links

  • History of Love, Net Encyclopedia of Philosophy
  • Friendship at Curlie
  • Philanthropy at Curlie
  • Romance at Curlie

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love

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